Hesperian Health Guides
附 C:儿童发展阶段图
Hesperian健康维基 > 聋童早期教育指南 > 附 C:儿童发展阶段图
如何使用儿童发展图标
儿童发展分几个主要的领域:生理(身体)、智力(大脑)、交流(手 语和口语)和社交(和他人的关系)。儿童的任何一个动作都有可能包含了 各个领域的技巧。比如,一个孩子伸出手 。
![A baby standing and holding up his arms.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/c/cc/HCWD_AppendixC_Page_231-1.png/70px-HCWD_AppendixC_Page_231-1.png)
要人抱的这个动作,他用到了:
- 生理技能—他伸出手。
- 智力技能—他认识你。
- 交流技能—他告诉你他要什么。
- 社交技能—他喜欢你抱他。
本章的图表告诉你大部分儿童在各个年龄阶段应该学习和掌握的技能。 你可以使用图表提供的儿童发展信息来决定聋孩子需要学习哪些技能。
![Images of a child at 6 months, 12 months, and 2 years.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/e/ee/Zh_HCWD_AppendixC_Page_231-2.png/575px-Zh_HCWD_AppendixC_Page_231-2.png)
个月
个月
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※ 如何了解聋童需要学习什么技能
找到和孩子的年龄阶段最接近的图表。在图表里圈出他已有的技能。你 也许会发现你的孩子掌握的技能并不如其他同龄的孩子多。了解这些信息可 以让你知道孩子哪些方面需要你的帮助来加强。
![A child development chart with 5 skills circled for social, physical and mental skills. No skills are circled for communication skills.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/0/0e/Zh_HCWD_AppendixC_Page_232-1.png/500px-Zh_HCWD_AppendixC_Page_232-1.png)
在上面的这个图表中,一位妈妈圈出她20 个月大的女儿在各个领域掌 握的技能。她的女儿需要帮助来发展每一个领域的技能,但是最重要的是在 交流和智力领域的帮助。对于这么小的孩子来说,家庭成员应该帮助加强孩 子的基本交流技能(见第4 章)并且开始引入语言学习。
对于一个稍大一些的孩子来说,你可以找到和他年龄最接近的图表。但 你也可以对照一下小一些孩子的发展图表,这样你可以了解在学习这个年龄 的新的技能之前,聋孩子应该掌握哪些技能。
如果聋孩子有听力障碍,那么他可能在交流、智力和社交方面都需要额 外的帮助来发展相应的技能。本书第二章和第三章会对你很有帮助,因为这 两章内容解释了儿童如何学习语言,并就如何帮助儿童学习语言给出了一些 建议。儿童的智力发育是伴随其交流能力的增长的。本书第四、七、八、九 章内容是关于儿童如何发展交流和智力能力。第十章是关于社交能力的发展 的,就孩子的社交能力发展给家长提供了一些和孩子互动的方法。
以下的每个部分代表一个领域的发展。下面图表里的图片和文字是大多 数3个月大的幼儿掌握的技能。
![DevChart background.png](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/9/9a/DevChart_background.png)
个月
![A man holding a baby.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/1/1d/DevChart_3mo_1-1.png/110px-DevChart_3mo_1-1.png)
![A man playing a flute to a baby.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/8/8b/DevChart_3mo_1-2.png/150px-DevChart_3mo_1-2.png)
![A man holding a baby.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/e/ee/DevChart_3mo_2-1.png/180px-DevChart_3mo_2-1.png)
![A woman holding a crying baby.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/c/c3/DevChart_3mo_2-2.png/110px-DevChart_3mo_2-2.png)
![A man touching a baby.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/9/98/DevChart_3mo_3-1.png/150px-DevChart_3mo_3-1.png)
![A woman smiling at a baby.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/2/2e/DevChart_3mo_3-2.png/170px-DevChart_3mo_3-2.png)
![A baby looking at its hands.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/d/d8/DevChart_3mo_4-1.png/170px-DevChart_3mo_4-1.png)
![A woman breastfeeding a baby.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/2/26/DevChart_3mo_4-2.png/160px-DevChart_3mo_4-2.png)
![A baby lying on his belly lifting his head.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/3/34/DevChart_3mo_4-3.png/190px-DevChart_3mo_4-3.png)
听障幼儿将会从相应的活动或游戏中获益而发展各个领域的技能。以上 的图片只是一些技能的例子。比如,你看这张表的交流部分的第二张图,你 不一定要去找个笛子来吹!关键的问题是你的孩子是否对突然的声音或动作 有反应。
记住,对照这个图表的目的是让聋孩子和社区里同龄的孩子做一样的活 动。
下面图表里的图片和文字是大多数6个月大的幼儿掌握的技能。
![DevChart background.png](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/9/9a/DevChart_background.png)
个月
![A woman lying down with a baby on her chest.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/e/eb/DevChart_6mo_1-1.png/170px-DevChart_6mo_1-1.png)
![A man lying beside a baby shaking a rattle.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/9/9d/DevChart_6mo_1-2.png/230px-DevChart_6mo_1-2.png)
![A woman taking something from a baby's mouth.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/4/47/DevChart_6mo_2-1.png/110px-DevChart_6mo_2-1.png)
![A woman and a baby play with toys.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/1/17/DevChart_6mo_2-2.png/130px-DevChart_6mo_2-2.png)
![A girl and a baby play with toys.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/5/58/DevChart_6mo_2-3.png/200px-DevChart_6mo_2-3.png)
![alt-A woman looking at a baby who turns her head away. alt-A woman looking at a baby who turns her head away.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/0/09/DevChart_6mo_3-1.png/150px-DevChart_6mo_3-1.png)
![A baby lying down reaching her arms up to a woman.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/e/ec/DevChart_6mo_3-2.png/190px-DevChart_6mo_3-2.png)
![A baby reaches his arms out to a man and woman.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/b/b1/DevChart_6mo_3-3.png/160px-DevChart_6mo_3-3.png)
![A baby lying down with arms out to the side.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/6/66/DevChart_6mo_4-1.png/160px-DevChart_6mo_4-1.png)
![A baby sitting in a woman's lap.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/f/f4/DevChart_6mo_4-2.png/135px-DevChart_6mo_4-2.png)
![A baby lying down playing with a rattle.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/7/7f/DevChart_6mo_4-3.png/160px-DevChart_6mo_4-3.png)
你看这张表的生理部分的第三张图,你不一定要让孩子玩摇铃。关键的 问题是他是否会摆动身体和伸胳膊踢腿。
记住,对照这个图表的目的是让聋孩子和社区里同龄的孩子做一样的活 动。
下面图表里的图片和文字是大多数12个月大的幼儿掌握的技能。
![DevChart background.png](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/9/9a/DevChart_background.png)
个月
![A small child repeating what a man says.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/5/53/DevChart_12mo_1-1.png/130px-DevChart_12mo_1-1.png)
![A woman signing to a small child.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/5/54/DevChart_12mo_1-2.png/140px-DevChart_12mo_1-2.png)
![A baby holding a rattle and making baby sounds.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/0/00/DevChart_12mo_1-3.png/210px-DevChart_12mo_1-3.png)
嘎嘎
![A baby sitting with a cup behind her.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/2/2e/DevChart_12mo_2-1.png/115px-DevChart_12mo_2-1.png)
![A baby putting a lid on a box.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/4/44/DevChart_12mo_2-2.png/100px-DevChart_12mo_2-2.png)
![A baby pulling a string tied to a rattle.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/7/75/DevChart_12mo_2-3.png/190px-DevChart_12mo_2-3.png)
![A baby standing and reaching up with his arms.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/c/c7/DevChart_12mo_3-1.png/80px-DevChart_12mo_3-1.png)
![A crying baby lying down.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/e/eb/DevChart_12mo_3-2.png/90px-DevChart_12mo_3-2.png)
![A man putting a cloth over a baby's face.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/0/00/DevChart_12mo_3-3.png/220px-DevChart_12mo_3-3.png)
![A baby sitting up alone.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/7/7a/DevChart_12mo_4-1.png/100px-DevChart_12mo_4-1.png)
![A baby crawling.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/5/52/DevChart_12mo_4-2.png/125px-DevChart_12mo_4-2.png)
![A baby stands up holding on to a stool.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/9/9c/DevChart_12mo_4-3.png/145px-DevChart_12mo_4-3.png)
你看这张表的社交部分的第三张图,你不一定要玩蒙面蒙的游戏,关键 的问题是聋孩子是否开始喜欢玩游戏。
记住,对照这个图表的目的是让聋孩子和社区里同龄的孩子做一样的活 动。
下面图表里的图片和文字是大多数2岁大的幼儿掌握的技能。
![DevChart background.png](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/9/9a/DevChart_background.png)
岁
![A small girl.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/a/a9/DevChart_2yr_1-1.png/70px-DevChart_2yr_1-1.png)
![A boy speaking and holding a ball.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/c/c1/DevChart_2yr_1-2.png/80px-DevChart_2yr_1-2.png)
![A small child signing and pointing to a cup.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/7/70/DevChart_2yr_1-3.png/125px-DevChart_2yr_1-3.png)
![A boy playing with different sized balls.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/0/0c/DevChart_2yr_2-1.png/140px-DevChart_2yr_2-1.png)
![A girl beating a drum with a stick.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/a/a0/DevChart_2yr_2-2.png/110px-DevChart_2yr_2-2.png)
![A child playing with several toys.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/8/8a/DevChart_2yr_2-3.png/140px-DevChart_2yr_2-3.png)
![2 girls playing next to each other.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/a/a8/DevChart_2yr_3-1.png/150px-DevChart_2yr_3-1.png)
![A boy washing hands with a man.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/e/e6/DevChart_2yr_3-2.png/170px-DevChart_2yr_3-2.png)
![A small girl facing a man.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/b/bd/DevChart_2yr_3-3.png/140px-DevChart_2yr_3-3.png)
![A small child stacking boxes.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/0/06/DevChart_2yr_4-1.png/120px-DevChart_2yr_4-1.png)
![A small boy walking.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/6/6b/DevChart_2yr_4-2.png/85px-DevChart_2yr_4-2.png)
![A small child squatting.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/b/b4/DevChart_2yr_4-3.png/90px-DevChart_2yr_4-3.png)
你看这张表的智力部分的第二张图,你不一定要让聋孩子打鼓,关键的 问题是他是否会同时使用两个物体。
记住,对照这个图表的目的是让聋孩子和社区里同龄的孩子做一样的活 动。
下面图表里的图片和文字是大多数3岁大的幼儿掌握的技能。
![DevChart background.png](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/9/9a/DevChart_background.png)
岁
![A woman signing to a small boy.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/f/fc/DevChart_3yr_1-1.png/165px-DevChart_3yr_1-1.png)
![A girl standing alone.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/5/5a/DevChart_3yr_1-2.png/50px-DevChart_3yr_1-2.png)
![A small child speaking.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/3/31/DevChart_3yr_1-3.png/150px-DevChart_3yr_1-3.png)
![A boy fitting shapes together.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/b/b6/DevChart_3yr_2-1.png/140px-DevChart_3yr_2-1.png)
![A boy sorting different shaped stones.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/d/dc/DevChart_3yr_2-2.png/125px-DevChart_3yr_2-2.png)
![A girl putting a lid on a box.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/a/a0/DevChart_3yr_2-3.png/105px-DevChart_3yr_2-3.png)
![A woman and girl sweeping together.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/f/f3/DevChart_3yr_3-1.png/110px-DevChart_3yr_3-1.png)
![A woman and girl washing clothes together.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/5/58/DevChart_3yr_3-2.png/210px-DevChart_3yr_3-2.png)
![A boy touching a woman's tears.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/f/f9/DevChart_3yr_3-3.png/140px-DevChart_3yr_3-3.png)
![A boy running.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/0/00/DevChart_3yr_4-1.png/90px-DevChart_3yr_4-1.png)
![A girl taking a lid off a container.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/3/3d/DevChart_3yr_4-2.png/100px-DevChart_3yr_4-2.png)
![A boy throwing a ball.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/3/33/DevChart_3yr_4-3.png/140px-DevChart_3yr_4-3.png)
你看这张表的社交部分的第一张图,你不一定要让聋孩子扫地,关键的 问题是聋孩子是否喜欢在家里帮忙。
记住,对照这个图表的目的是让聋孩子和社区里同龄的孩子做一样的活 动。
下面图表里的图片和文字是大多数5岁大的幼儿掌握的技能。
![DevChart background.png](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/9/9a/DevChart_background.png)
岁
![alt-A boy with wet clothes signing. alt-A boy with wet clothes signing.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/a/ac/DevChart_5yr_1-1.png/175px-DevChart_5yr_1-1.png)
![A girl standing.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/f/f7/DevChart_5yr_1-2.png/50px-DevChart_5yr_1-2.png)
![A boy asking questions of a man.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/a/a0/DevChart_5yr_1-3.png/210px-DevChart_5yr_1-3.png)
![A boy planting seeds in a garden.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/7/74/DevChart_5yr_2-1.png/200px-DevChart_5yr_2-1.png)
![A girl playing with a puzzle.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/9/9c/DevChart_5yr_2-2.png/125px-DevChart_5yr_2-2.png)
![A boy playing with an abacus.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/a/ad/DevChart_5yr_2-3.png/105px-DevChart_5yr_2-3.png)
![3 children playing together rolling a tire.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/f/f4/DevChart_5yr_3-1.png/160px-DevChart_5yr_3-1.png)
![2 children sitting at a school desk in front of a teacher.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/8/82/DevChart_5yr_3-2.png/110px-DevChart_5yr_3-2.png)
![A girl signing.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/d/dd/DevChart_5yr_3-3.png/175px-DevChart_5yr_3-3.png)
![A boy copying shapes on the ground.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/8/8a/DevChart_5yr_4-1.png/140px-DevChart_5yr_4-1.png)
![A girl walking backwards.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/4/4c/DevChart_5yr_4-2.png/90px-DevChart_5yr_4-2.png)
![A boy hopping on 1 foot.](https://pool.hesperian.org/w/images/thumb/4/4e/DevChart_5yr_4-3.png/90px-DevChart_5yr_4-3.png)
你看这张表的社交部分的第二张图,你的孩子不一定是注意老师。关键 的问题是你的孩子是否和其他孩子一样理解规则。
记住,对照这个图表的目的是让聋孩子和社区里同龄的孩子做一样的活 动。